This paper examines the paradox of inherent biological similarities among Homo sapiens and the divisive cultural constructs that promote notions of superiority and inferiority within this unified species. Despite overwhelming genetic similarities that classify Homo sapiens as a single species with shared ancestries and capacities, cultural narratives have historically created hierarchical distinctions. Using Sri Lanka as a focal point, this review aims to explore how cultural, ethnic, and religious identities have been manipulated to construct and institutionalize social hierarchies, and to analyze the broader social, psychological, and economic consequences of such divisions. Findings indicate that while our biological makeup underscores human unity, cultural frameworks, shaped by colonialism, patriarchy, and globalization, continue to reinforce inequality and limit inclusivity. The review concludes that education, cross-cultural dialogue, and policy reform play a critical role in dismantling these inherited hierarchies and fostering equality and dignity across societies.

Keywords :  Culture, Discrimination, Equality, Gender, Human rights, Patriarchy

Graph theory is a subfield of discrete mathematics that explores networks of points connected by lines. Graph theory is a significant area of mathematics with many applications in different domains. Graph labeling has been one of the most significant and intriguing areas of graph theory research. Depending on the needs, graph labeling involves giving integers to vertices, edges, or both. Giving the vertices of a corresponding graph distinct odd prime numbers is known as “odd prime labeling,” and it is a more intricate and specialized branch of graph theory. This special labeling method can be used to describe the connections and characteristics of Mobius ladder graphs as well as to respond to concerns regarding isomorphism, network architecture, encryption, and number theory. Mobius ladder graphs with odd prime labeling present a fascinating method to study how vertices and prime numbers interact in this specific kind of graph structure. From the topological elegance of the Mobius ladder to the rhythmic harmony of prime differences, this idea unveils a wide range of mathematical relationships and insights. Graph theory and number theory combine to produce a masterwork on the Mobius ladder, an odd prime-labeled work of mathematical art. Here, we applied an odd prime labeling, a prime labeling version of Mobius ladder graphs. In this research, we also presented general proof that every Mobius ladder graph is an odd prime labeling graph, as well as a generalized method for using odd sequences to demonstrate that all Mobius ladder graphs are odd prime.

Keywords: Greatest common divisor(gcd), Mobius Ladder graph, Odd sequences, Odd prime labeling, Relative prime

Journal Title : Journal of Technology and Value Addition

Volume : 7

Issue : 2

Page  : 39 – 53

Correspondence :  surakshir@tec.rjt.ac.lk

This research aimed to develop a beverage powder mixture derived from Canistel (Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni), known locally as “Lavulu,” an underutilized fruit crop in Sri Lanka. The primary aim of this study is to enhance the utilization of lavulu fruit among consumers as a value-added product in the form of a beverage powder. Incorporating lime fruit (Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle) can enrich the flavour while masking the unpleasant taste of the lavulu drink. Four distinct drink mix powders were created, combining vacuum-dehydrated lavulu powder and vacuum-dehydrated lime fruit powder in varying ratios: T1: 100% lavulu powder, T2: 75% lavulu with 25% lime fruit powder, T3: 50% lavulu with 50% lime fruit powder, and T4: 25% lavulu with 75% lime fruit powder. Among four formulations, the combination of 100% vacuum dehydrated lavulu beverage powder mixture with a °Brix value of 9.43% and a titratable acidity of 0.416%, gained the highest score in the hedonic sensory test. Proximate analysis of this 100% selected beverage powder mixture revealed 2.7 g of moisture, 94.2 g of carbohydrates, 0.8 g of protein, 0.6 g of fat, 0.2 g of crude fibre, and 1.5 g of ash content per 100 g of dried powder, providing 385 kcal of energy.

Keywords: Beverage Powder, Canistel, Lime, Vacuum Dehydration

Journal Title : Journal of Technology and Value Addition

Volume : 7

Issue : 2

Page  : 54 – 69

Correspondence :  dasanka@kln.ac.lk

Cricket experts often claim that extra deliveries (wides or no-balls) disproportionately benefit the batting team. This study challenges that assumption by analyzing the relationship between extra deliveries and their outcomes in T20 cricket using a data-driven approach. Employing nine classification algorithms and six feature selection techniques, it was found that there was no significant correlation between extra delivery outcomes and other match parameters. While Naive Bayes showed slightly better predictive accuracy, feature selection methods (especially Chi-Squared) identified match stage, batsman strike rate, and runs conceded by the bowler as potential factors. When classifications were executed the selected features, the comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms reveals that Random Forest achieves the highest AUC (60) and MCC (5), demonstrating robust performance across evaluation metrics. Notably, Logistic Regression attains the best classification accuracy (69) but suffers from low precision (47), indicating a trade-off between true positives and false positives. However, classification models did not consistently support these relationships. Research findings suggest that extra delivery outcomes are largely unpredictable, resembling random events rather than predictable results influenced by specific match factors. This research provides a more nuanced understanding of the impact of extra deliveries in T20 cricket, emphasizing the need for caution when interpreting expert opinions.

Keywords: Azure Machine Learning, Classification, Cricket, Feature Selection, Orange Data Mining

Journal Title : Journal of Technology and Value Addition

Volume : 7

Issue : 2

Page  : 70 – 90

Correspondence :  chamikaranathunga7@gmail.com

Recent technological advancements have enhanced information exchange, yet many remain vulnerable to cybersecurity threats due to low awareness. The lack of cybersecurity awareness is a growing issue in educational institutions, where the majority of undergraduates heavily rely on digital platforms, often failing to implement basic security practices, risking both personal and institutional data. This research aims to identify the factors influencing the level of cybersecurity awareness among undergraduates when using digital platforms. The data were collected using an online questionnaire with a random sample of 336 final-year undergraduates at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, selected due to their impending entry into professional environments where cybersecurity is vital. The cybersecurity awareness level is assessed through three dimensions: prevention and precautions, cybercrimes and threats and their impacts. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) via SPSS and SmartPLS. The results revealed that while students demonstrated a relatively high level of awareness regarding cybercrimes and their consequences, their awareness of preventive and precautionary practices was significantly lower. SEM findings indicated that digital skills, knowledge factors and cybersecurity attitudes have significant positive effects on overall awareness with digital skills emerging as the most influential factor. Although gender, faculty, and living sector influenced specific dimensions, these variables did not significantly moderate the overall structural relationships. The findings highlight a critical gap between understanding cybersecurity threats and adopting protective behaviors. This emphasizes the urgent need for educational institutions to implement skill-based training to improve preventive cybersecurity practices among undergraduates.

Keywords: Cybersecurity, Cybersecurity Awareness, Digital Platforms, Digital Skills, Undergraduates

Journal Title : Journal of Technology and Value Addition

Volume : 7

Issue : 2

Page  : 91 – 107

Correspondence :  briyangari.s@gmail.com

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (CPD) is a contagious viral disease of small and wild ruminants having economic and public health significance. Although the study area is known to be endemic for CPD, few studies have been documented. This study investigated an outbreak of CPD in goats that occurred in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. The study was carried out on 53 goats of all ages with peculiar signs of CPD. Detailed information about study animals were collected using a pre-structured questionnaire. A complete physical examination was performed and important clinical (temperature, respiratory, pulse rates) and productive (body weight, daily milk yield) parameters were measured. The skin scrapings were collected for vaccine preparation prior to treatment. The study animals exhibited the characteristic manifestations of CPD, proliferative cutaneous lesions on and around the oral cavity. The typical clinical presentation aimed towards CPD. The studied animals showed high rectal temperature (104.4±0.35 ℉), respiratory (30.7±2.61 min-1) and pulse rates (93.2±1.4 min-1). The systemic therapy with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents and supportive was aimed to avoid complications. The overall case fatality, morbidity and mortality rates were 1.9%, 48% and 0.9%, respectively. The major routes of transmission identified were sharing of grazing lands, troughs and shelters, and improper waste disposal. The average live weight loss (3.56±0.69 kg), mean milk reduction (0.6±0.13 litres), mortality loss and cost for veterinary services, and the disinfection during the study period were documented in 62.5%, 52.8%, 7.1% and 100% of the farmers respectively. The economic evaluation of the outbreak revealed a substantial financial burden (LKR 502,272.00) implicated to farmers. Immunization was carried out using “CPD-auto vaccine” to the healthy flocks. Separation of affected animals and adequate disinfection were implemented to reduce the further spread of CPD. Awareness was raised on the zoonotic potential of CPD to minimize occupational health hazards

Keywords: Auto-vaccine, Case-fatality, Outbreak, Proliferative lesions, Zoonosis